The active modes of heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting can be energy-intensive. However, passive measures can help maintain good indoor thermal comfort using the physical and thermal proprieties of the building envelope.

A well-designed building uses envelope-level passive measures to minimise the thermal loads. Four key envelope-level passive solutions can be highlighted:

• Microclimate: buildings should be designed and operated based on the type of landscaping surrounding them
• Orientation: it can be optimised to facilitate sunlight and wind for daylighting and natural ventilation
• Roofing: the material should be decided based on the type of climate and can reduce the need for heating and cooling
• Facades: passive strategies can minimise the effect of solar radiation and improve occupants´ comfort.